Hormonal and Metabolic Effects of Short-term Energy Imbalance in Obese-Prone as Compared to Obese-Resistant Individuals
Abstract
Background: While a majority of Americans are overweight, some individuals maintain a healthy weight in spite of fluctuations in energy intake. This study investigates hormonal and metabolic responses to short-term overfeeding and underfeeding in individuals recruited as obese-resistant (OR) or obese-prone (OP) based on self-identification, BMI, and personal/family weight history.
Methods: 58 subjects were studied during eucaloric, overfeeding, and underfeeding phases which included a 3-day run-in diet, 1-day intervention diet, and a study day on which a test meal containing 25% of daily energy intake for the intervention diet was provided. Following the test meal, blood was sampled every 30 minutes for hormones and metabolites, and appetite was assessed using visual analog scales.
Results: Overfeeding resulted in increased meal responses for insulin, leptin and triglycerides and decreased responses for ghrelin, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), and underfeeding resulted in decreased insulin, PYY, GLP-1 and triglycerides and increased ghrelin and FFA responses. Ghrelin levels were higher and insulin levels were lower in the OR as compared to the OP, although these effects were attenuated by overfeeding and underfeeding, respectively. Furthermore, there were greater correlations between appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones in the OR.
Conclusions: Few studies have assessed hormonal effects of underfeeding, which here was found to result in decreased insulin, PYY and GLP-1, and increased ghrelin. The greater correlations between appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones in the OR suggest that they are more sensitive to short-term energy imbalance and thus may be better able to adjust energy intake accordingly.
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